Long Night of the Black Marias

See:

Gulag: Soviet Forced Labor Camps and the Struggle for Freedom
http://gulaghistory.org/nps/onlineexhibit/stalin/

[short excerpt]

The term “GULAG” is an acronym for the Soviet bureaucratic institution, Glavnoe Upravlenie ispravitel’no-trudovykh LAGerei (Main Administration of Corrective Labor Camps), that operated the Soviet system of forced labor camps in the Stalin era. Since the publication of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s The Gulag Archipelago in 1973, the term has come to represent the entire Soviet forced labor penal system. Concentration camps were created in the Soviet Union shortly after the 1917 revolution, but the system grew to tremendous proportions during the course of Stalin’s campaign ... .

Gulag camps existed throughout the Soviet Union, but the largest camps lay in the most extreme geographical and climatic regions of the country from the Arctic north to the Siberian east and the Central Asian south.
[end of short excerpt]

And also see:


http://www.come-and-hear.com/dilling/whois.html

Foreword to the 1964 EditionPublished by
The Elizabeth Dilling FoundationBox 659, Chicago 90

Who is Elizabeth Dilling?

Our family trip to Red Russia in 1931 started my dedication to anti-Communism. We were taken behind the scenes by friends working for the Soviet Government and saw deplorable conditions, first hand.

We were appalled, not only at the forced labor, the squalid crowded living quarters, the breadline rationcard workers' stores, the mothers pushing wheelbarrows and the begging children of the State nurseries besieging us.
The open virulent anti-Christ campaign, everywhere, was a shock. In public places were the tirades by loud speaker, in Russian (our friends translated). Atheist cartoons representing Christ as a villain, a drunk, the object of a cannibalistic orgy (Holy Communion); as an oppressor of labor; again as trash being dumped from a wheelbarrow by the Soviet "Five-Year-Plan"--these lurid cartoons filled the big bulletin boards in the churches our Soviet guides took us to visit.

In the Museum of the Revolution we were shown a huge world map. As our Guide turned a switch, lights came on indicating the places all over the world where Communist Party headquarters were then functioning. Proudly our Guide announced: "Our world revolution will start with China and end with the UNITED STATES".

"O, NO! Not THAT", was my thought. But, country by country, the boast has been steadily advancing. I took pictures of the anti-Christ posters on the porch of St. Isaac's Cathedral in Leningrad.

Russia Changes My Life

We were taken to the beautiful Church of the Redeemer in Moscow which was then, we were told, about to be dynamited to make way for a "Palace of Soviets". There was a display of full-sized mannikins dressed in the robes of the Church carrying on the Good Friday Footwashing ceremony. Our Guide rasped: "This was to show that if the Archbishop could wash the feet of the humble priest the poor should endure their sufferings without complaint! Religion was always for the suppression of the people, to keep them working from dawn to late at night under the lash!"

I thought of our Savior washing the feet of His Disciples as an example, and telling them that he who would be great among you should be the servant of all (John 13:13-15; Matt. 23:11). I glanced up at the exquisite stained glass window of Christ, about to be demolished, and a little tear trickled down my cheek as I thought: "I can never hate You like that!" (I did not know then that the Pharisee Talmud gives Him FIVE sadistic deaths today).

Staying at my hotel was the representative of a foreign country. He told me of the police terror; how the last manager of that hotel had been whisked off in the middle of the night by the "Black Mariah"--like millions of others never to be seen again. Some of our party had been taken to the police station; they had laughed in a movie theatre. They were released when they explained that they had laughed at a private joke, not at the picture (which was Soviet-made). After this, and more, I returned to the "NICE" North Shore of Chicago where the "intelligentsia" were rendering brainwashed reverence to the "great Soviet Experiment".

Lecturing

Behind the backs of the careless Guides I had taken movies of the rickety trains, etc., in Russia. By chance I started showing these movies to patriotic audiences, my husband running the projector as I told the story. Articles written for a little local newspaper were reprinted by the DAR and larger and larger groups called for my talks: District meetings of the Legion; the Military Intelligence; churches from coast to coast. I was recommended for all Chambers of Commerce, and spoke for the Minneapolis, Cleveland, Los Angeles, etc., groups. I broadcast over the Moody Bible Institute radio and its head became my closest friend to her death. Dr. Ironside introduced me as the only woman he had ever asked to occupy his pulpit in the Moody Church. I spoke in the great church of Dr. W. B. Riley, organizer of the World Fundamentalist Assn., my defender to his death. I frequently spoke in Detroit churches and on numerous occasions was entertained at the executives' table at the Ford plant. Henry Ford (who never changed his mind about the role of Jewry) had me write (1939) a report on the U. of Michigan (80 pages). He contributed that year $5,000 to the cost of my office labor which cost $12,000 that year. The head of the National Sojourners had me airmail my two books to Sen. Royal Copeland to give to Vice Pres. Garner who, I was told, stayed up all night reading them and had his friend Cong. Dies of Texas start up the Dies Committee on Un-American Activities (later called the House Com.) as a result.

The hub of world Jewish anti-Christ power, the financial and industrial power best described in Rev. 18:11-, is the AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE with its B'nai B'rith brotherhood, and its "secret police", smear and ruin arm, the Anti-Defamation League. After having pushed a reluctant USA into World War II--to spread Communism across the earth, and with its first world base, Soviet Russia, as our "ally", it was decided to crush all ANTI-COMMUNISTS by trying them as "Fascists, Nazis". A series of indictments against some 30 anti-Communists, of which I was one, was engineered by the American Jewish Committee, in 1942, 1943, 1944. The 1942 indictment never came to trial. The 1943 indictment was dismissed in Washington by Judge Adkins. Only the 1944 indictment went to trial under a stooge judge Eicher. An unbelievable farce was staged without any legality or fact. After the death of judge Eicher, the case was dismissed by Judge Bolitha Laws with the scathing denunciation that it had been a crime to hold those people on trial all that time without a single piece of evidence in accordance with the charge being introduced by the prosecution against ANY defendant. The Communist press had been gloating that the "sedition trial" was part of the "Moscow Purge trials" then in session all over Europe. I reproduced the item on one of my Bulletins, sent to every Congressman.

Background of E. D.

Travel in more than 60 countries convinced me that the USA had the greatest system of government, and was the most fortunate nation on earth. I did not want it Sovietized, collectivized. Careful research and documentation have resulted in the fact that nothing I have ever printed has, to date, been refuted by friend or foe.

BORN in CHICAGO, daughter of Dr. L. Kirkpatrick, physician and surgeon, of Virginian, Scotch-Irish, Presbyterian ancestry. My mother. Elizabeth Harding, descended from a long line of Anglican bishops thru her father. Her mother, Jane Musquet, was of English-French descent with a Catholic priest uncle in Paris. I married Albert Dilling, of Norwegian Lutheran ancestry. Mother of two children, married and active in Episcopal Church, of which I am a communicant. Graduate of the Starrett School for Girls, Chicago Normal School; Univ. of Chicago student, before and after marriage; pupil of world's greatest harpist, Alberto Salvi; was concert harpist and pres. of Chicago Harpists' Society. The RUSSIAN trip ended a musical career and a "nice" suburbanite existence.

WRITINGS

• The famous RED NETWORK -- A Who's Who and Handbook of Radicalism for Patriots, of which some 100.000 copies have circled the globe, unrefuted factually by friend or foe.
• The ROOSEVELT RED RECORD AND ITS BACKGROUND -- a second Red Network. of over 400 pages with two indexes.
• THE OCTOPUS -- on the ramifications of Jewish power.
• [ THE PLOT AGAINST CHRISTIANITY, republished as THE JEWISH RELIGION: ITS INFLUENCE TODAY -- directly addressing the teachings of Judaism and its influence in the affairs of the modern world ] 
• A Bimonthly BULLETIN SERVICE, etc., etc.

See:
http://www.come-and-hear.com/dilling/

Long Night of the Black Marias

The Communists wasted no time after seizing the organs of government in Soviet Russia. Almost immediately the arrests began. The Gulag began to overflow with prisoners. The pain grew and grew. Torrents of blood were spilled. Only the Jews were exempt, and even a few of them were taken away: "And so in Moscow they began a systematic search, block by block. Someone had to be arrested everywhere. The slogan was: "We are going to bang our fist on the table so hard the world will shake with terror!"... The Black Marias, the passenger cars, the enclosed trucks, the open hansom cabs, kept moving...The Gulag Archipelago had already begun its malignant life and would shortly metastasize throughout the whole body of the nation." (Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, pp. 42-43). The persons most hated and reviled by the Communist Jews who ran the Gulag prisons were the Christians, the Bible-believers, the faithful Gentiles. Lenin, the Jewish Commissar who had become the Kremlin's new master, demanded "merciless suppression" of the "counterrevolutionaries and other persons." Christians, no matter how meek, gentle, and nonviolent, certainly fit into that broad, all-encompassing category of "other persons!" Taking power in Russia, Jewish Communist leaders took delight in demolishing Christian churches. Some were converted into barns and stables, others into factories and warehouses. Harmful Insects to be Purged In his essay, "How to Organize the Competition" (January 7 and 10, 1918), Lenin proclaimed the common, united purpose of "purging the Russian land of all kinds of harmful insects." The Jewish overlords, led by Lenin and Trotsky, (later, Kaganovich, and Beria) were self-appointed exterminators. Some 66 million "insects" (people, many of whom were Christians) were the vermin who had to be exterminated. The "parasites" must vanish. It was all for the good of building the new Jewish Utopia, a global-wide One World Order to be ruled by the Jewish clique, which euphemistically called itself the "Vanguard." Leon Trotsky, a Communist Jew from the Bronx, New York City, whose real name was "Bronstein," was sent by the Jewish Illuminati to Moscow to help overthow the government and set up a Jewish-run dictatorship. Trotsky was a principal architect of the "Red Terror." Solzhenitsyn, in his classic book, Gulag Archipelago, writes that all those active in Christian churches were deemed "insects" and "parasites," even those who sang in church choirs. But, of course, there were also many other groups considered too dangerous to be allowed to exist. And so, factory workers, artists, teachers, youth, farmers, engineers—millions of people from just about every social category—were culled out and taken away to prison labor camps. Many of these hapless victims were driven to the fateful kangaroo courts in the despised and feared Black Marias. The Black Marias Came Out At Night Ah, yes, the Black Marias. They usually came at night. They found their victims at home, in their apartments and flats, or on the street, in bars and in theatres. They worked off lists, and oh, how lengthy some lists were. Resisters were pummeled, beaten, sometimes bayoneted and dragged into the long, black, box-car, limo-like automobiles that came to be called the "Black Marias." In a typical night's work, the Communist thugs would round up fourteen to sixteen victims and crowd them like sardines into the austere compartments of the Black Marias. Solzhenitsyn tells the sad story of one young woman, a secretary, dragged into a Black Maria car. Innocent and a virgin, guilty of nothing more than the fact that she had refused to give in to the sexual demands of a Communist bureaucrat, the naive girl was attacked inside the crowded cab by a half dozen filthy gangsters. They stripped her of her purse and shoes, ripped her dress, and their hands went all over her body. Raped and battered, the girl was a physical and emotional wreck by the time the Black Maria rolled into the police courtyard where she and the others were ordered out. The girl began to whimper, cry, and complain about her treatment, but the guard simply shrugged his shoulders and told her to move on. He knew that what awaited the girl in the gulag prison was even more hellish than the savage pounding she had just taken. In any event, these things happened every night, seven nights a week. It was the nature of the beast. The beast demanded victims. The innocence of the arrested was no excuse. Chance, randomness, also had its premium in the lives—and deaths—of the millions of "selectees" chosen to be human chattel, slaves of the beast and its Gulag. An Eye For An Eye It was not only in Soviet Russia and its conquered republics that the prisons filled up with slaves. In occupied Eastern Europe, too, the Jews who ran Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and other nations that had fallen under the jackboots of the Soviets, set up concentration camps. In An Eye For An Eye, heartsick, prize-winning Jewish reporter Jonathan Sack documents the cruel fate of thousands of men, women, and children whose only "crime" was that they had the misfortune to have a German surname. The Jews were determined to get their revenge for Nazi crimes, and these poor souls, even little children, babies, and old men and women who had had nothing at all to do with the Nazis—many of them had even suffered themselves under Nazi occupation—would just have to serve as scapegoats. [Editor note: the Nazis were totally Diabolically evil, but nevertheless the "hoaxacaust" is a lie. The Jews, even though the Nazis hated them, were allies with the Nazis for the invasion of Palestine by the Jews, which is an absolute Antichrist evil. God forbade the Holy Land to the Jews forever, because of the Jews' sins of Deicide and perfidy.] Communist Gulag camps were hell on earth. Above: An isolated slave camp in the icy region of Siberia. Inmates worked and shivered in frigid conditions, and untold millions perished. Today, Jewish controlled government media in Russia and the U.S.A. allow no-one to tell their pitiful story of suffering, pain, and death. And so, the arrests, the torture, and the slaughter began in earnest. Women were raped and brutalized by the vicious Jewish guards who ran the Communist camps, boys were sodomized, and children molested and ritually sacrificed in what can only be described as some type of medieval Jewish, satanic, kabbalistic rites. Below: Entrance to a Russian slave labor camp. The sign reads: "Work in the Soviet Union is a Matter of Honor and Glory." "You Have Come Here to Die" Sack's stunning reports even introduce us to a Jewish woman prison camp commandant, but especially distressing is Sack's numbing account of the genocidal savagery of Solomon "Schlomo" Morel. Morel, a Polish Jew, was surely the inhuman equal of Ivan the Terrible or, say, Joseph Mengele. Morel liked to greet each new trainload or truckload of German-surnamed prisoners. "You have come here to die," the strutting, military-uniformed, polished boot-wearing Morel would announce to the heart-fallen men, women, and children, "and I shall be your executioner!" Solomon "Schlomo" Morel, a murderous Jewish Commandant who imprisoned, tortured, and killed so many innocent German men, women, and children. Morel loved to physically beat Germans to death. He once grabbed a German Mother's baby from her arms. Holding the baby by its legs, he swung and smashed its head into a wall, killing it instantly. Today, this genocidal monster, indicted and wanted for murder by the Polish government, is living luxuriously in Israel, shielded from prosecution by the Israeli government of Prime Minister Ariel Sharon. The Past as a Picture of an Ominous Future? Why, some might ask, is it necessary for me to remind you, dear reader, of these tragic and awful things? Why not just forget the past? Let bygones be bygones. It has often been said that he who forgets the past is doomed to repeat it. The past is prologue to the future. The Old Testament tells us there is nothing new under the sun. What has happened before could—and does—happen again. Many of the Communist Gulag prisoners died of malnutrition. Their meager daily diet consisted of a filthy, rat feces-infested bowl of gruel and occasionally a tiny bit of hard black bread. This, then, is a warning. Already, we can see the storm clouds gathering. Lightning is flashing. America has become the destined New Rome and Israel is the driver of that destiny. Around the world, America is the proxy Rottweiler for the Jews, their attack dog. Zionist Jews covertly rule behind the scenes in Washington, D.C. They control our media and news, our entertainment industries, our education establishment, and our book and magazine publishing. They own our computer and high tech corporations. With the assistance of the CIA and FBI, the Israeli Mossad and its ADL cohorts are now monitoring what we say on the internet. Again, there is talk of a Zionist Kingdom on planet earth, and the buzz among high-level Jews is their plot to rid the earth of the goyim (Gentiles), the inferior "insects"—first, the Palestinians and Arabs and, next, the Christians. Not the average "Christian," mind you—only the Bible—believer who understands (Daniel 12:10). The other "Christians" the Zionist Jewish elite already have in their back pocket. These dark forces have worked diligently for centuries to usher in a New World Zionist Order. With their iron grip on the world's media and banking and by using the armed might and diplomatic influence of their powerful proxy, America (Revelation 17), they intend to conquer and seize total global domination. Amazingly, they are on the threshold of accomplishing this incredible feat. A Special Message to Zionists and to All Jews But, I warn these dark forces: In attacking God's people, true Christian believers, and in working to destroy all vestiges of freedom and liberty in America and the world, you are unwittingly undoing yourself. Be assured: God will avenge crimes committed against His people. Please, I beg you: Think about what you are doing. Do not feed the curse that is already upon you. In Illuminist Revolutionary France, in Communist Russia, and elsewhere, your Protocols have been wildly successful. They have vaulted you into the upper echelons of power. Now, you believe yourself to be gods on earth. But you are mistaken. You are mere men, born sinners as are all men. My message, then, to Zionist Jews, is: Do not lie to yourself. Only the Truth will save you. And only Jesus Christ is that Truth. He has set before you Death and Life. Therefore, choose Life through Him! If you refuse, then do not be surprised when someday, in a future, long night of the Black Marias, the Black Marias come for YOU. But you, as an individual Jewish man or woman, do not have to be a victim. You do not have to participate in The Lie. You do not have to join in the unholy, ages-old plot and scheme of your Zionist leaders. You can put an end to the long night. We, Gentiles and, yes, some Jews, who know Christ Jesus are your only true friends. Call on us before it is too late, and believe in our Savior, Jesus. He is able to deliver you and us. We promise: He will not fail you!

Public domain: Stasi

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Public domain: Gangstalking

Public domain: Your friendly community spies 7-16-02

Public domain: Transnational Fraud Case - Carroll Foundation Trust

Public domain: My take on Who is behind the phenomenon of Gang Stalking Electronic Harassment Domestic Terrorism & Torture in America

Public domain: GlobalSecurity.org: FM 3-25.150 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Public domain: CQB Services » The Source

Public domain: Gulag:

Public domain: Smoke and Mirrors: War on Drugs = War for Profit - Mossad

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See these links, the students, NSA, have surpassed the Master - the Stasi:

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Tech_Journal: Gangstalking Target Earth - Tempest, Carnivore, Echelon

Stellar Wind

_____________________________

Stasi

This article is about the secret police of East Germany. For its other common meaning, see Stasi Commission. For the regular police in East Germany, see Volkspolizei.

Ministerium für Staatssicherheit
Seal of the Ministry of State Security of the GDR
Agency overview
Formed	8 February 1950
Dissolved	4 October 1990 (end of GDR)
Headquarters	Berlin, GDR
Employees	90,000 (1989)
Agency executives	Wilhelm Zaisser (1950–1953) Ernst Wollweber (1953–1957) Erich Mielke (1957–1989) Wolfgang Schwanitz (1989–1990)

The Ministry for State Security (German: Ministerium für Staatssicherheit, MfS), commonly known as the Stasi (IPA: [ˈʃtɑːziː]) (abbreviation German: Staatssicherheit, literally State Security), was the official state security service of the German Democratic Republic or GDR, colloquially known as East Germany. It has been described as one of the most effective and repressive intelligence and secret police agencies in the world. The Stasi was headquartered in East Berlin, with an extensive complex in Berlin-Lichtenberg and several smaller facilities throughout the city. The Stasi motto was "Schild und Schwert der Partei" (Shield and Sword of the Party), that is the ruling Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED). Several Stasi officials were prosecuted for their crimes after 1990.

Contents 1 Creation 2 Relationship with the KGB 3 Organization 4 Operations 4.1 Personnel 4.2 Infiltration 4.3 Zersetzung 5 International operations 5.1 Examples 6 Fall of the Soviet Union 7 Recovery of the Stasi files 7.1 Storming the Stasi headquarters 7.2 Controversy of the Stasi files 7.3 Tracking down former Stasi informers with the files 7.4 Reassembling the destroyed files 8 Museum in the old headquarters 9 Stasi officers after the reunification 9.1 Recruitment by Russian state-owned companies 9.2 Lobbying 10 Alleged informants 11 See also 12 Footnotes 13 References 13.1 The controversy of the Stasi files 14 External links 14.1 German 14.2 English

Creation

The Stasi was founded on 8 February 1950. Wilhelm Zaisser was the first Minister of State Security of the GDR, and Erich Mielke his deputy. Zaisser, who tried to depose SED General Secretary Walter Ulbricht after the June 1953 uprising, was after this removed by Ulbricht and replaced by Ernst Wollweber. Wollweber resigned in 1957 after clashes with Ulbricht and Erich Honecker, and was succeeded by his deputy, Erich Mielke.

In 1957, Markus Wolf became head of the Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung (HVA) (General Reconnaissance Administration), the foreign intelligence section of the Stasi. As intelligence chief, Wolf achieved great success in penetrating the government, political and business circles of West Germany with spies. The most influential case was that of Günter Guillaume, which led to the downfall of West German Chancellor Willy Brandt in May 1974. In 1986, Wolf retired and was succeeded by Werner Grossmann.

Relationship with the KGB

See also: Eastern Bloc politics, Eastern Bloc information dissemination, and Active measures

Although Mielke's Stasi was superficially granted independence in 1957, until 1990 the KGB continued to maintain liaison officers in all eight main Stasi directorates, each with his own office inside the Stasi's Berlin compound, and in each of the fifteen Stasi district headquarters around East Germany. Collaboration was so close that the KGB invited the Stasi to establish operational bases in Moscow and Leningrad to monitor visiting East German tourists and Mielke referred to the Stasi officers as "Chekists of the Soviet Union". In 1978, Mielke formally granted KGB officers in East Germany the same rights and powers they enjoyed in the Soviet Union.

Organization

The Ministry for State Security also included the following entities:

• Main Administration for Reconnaissance: focused its efforts primarily upon West Germany and theNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization, but it also operated East German intelligence in all foreign countries.
• Main Coordinating Administration of the Ministry for State Security: coordinated its work with Soviet intelligence agencies.
• Main Department for Communications Security and Personnel Protection: provided personal security for the national leadership and maintained and operated an internal secure communications system for the government.
• Administration for Security of Heavy Industry and Research and Main Administration for Security of the Economy: protection against sabotage or espionage.
• Main Administration for Struggle Against Suspicious Persons was charged with the surveillance of foreigners — particularly from the West — legally traveling or residing within the country. This included the diplomatic community, tourists, and official guests.
• Division of Garbage Analysis: was responsible for analyzing garbage for any suspect western foods and/or materials.
• Administration 12 was responsible for the surveillance of mail and telephone communications.
• Administration 2000 was responsible for the reliability of National People's Army (NVA) personnel. Admin 2000 operated a secret, unofficial network of informants within the NVA.
• Penal System: to facilitate its mission of enforcing the political security of East Germany, the Stasi operated its own penal system, distinct from that of the Ministry of the Interior. This system comprised prison camps for political, as opposed to criminal, offenders.
• Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment: the armed force at disposal of the ministry, named for the founder of the Cheka, the Bolshevik secret police. The members of this regiment, who served at least three years, were responsible for protecting high government and party buildings and personnel. The regiment was composed of six motorized rifle battalions, one artillery battalion, and one training battalion. Its equipment included PSZH-IV armored personnel carriers, 120 mm mortars, 85 mm and 100 mm antitank guns, ZU-23 antiaircraft guns, and helicopters. A Swiss source reported in 1986 that the troops of the Ministry of State Security also had commando units similar to the Soviet Union'sSpetsnaz forces. These East German units were said to wear the uniform of the airborne troops, although with the violet collar patch of the Ministry for State Security rather than the orange one of paratroopers. They also wore the sleeve stripe of the Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment.

Operations

Further information: Eastern Bloc politics

See also: Censorship in East Germany

Personnel

Stasi Headquarters in Berlin

Between 1950 and 1989, the Stasi employed a total of 274,000 people in an effort to root out the class enemy. In 1989, the Stasi employed 91,015 persons full-time, including 2,000 fully employed unofficial collaborators, 13,073 soldiers and 2,232 officers of GDR army, along with 173,081 unofficial informants inside GDR and 1,553 informants in West Germany. In terms of the identity of inoffizielle Mitarbeiter (IMs) Stasi informants, by 1995, 174,000 had been identified, which approximated 2.5% of East Germany's population between the ages of 18 and 60. 10,000 IMs were under 18 years of age.

While these calculations were from official records, according to the federal commissioner in charge of the Stasi archives in Berlin, because many such records were destroyed, there were likely closer to 500,000 Stasi informers. A former Stasi colonel who served in the counterintelligence directorate estimated that the figure could be as high as 2 million if occasional informants were included.

Infiltration

Full-time officers were posted to all major industrial plants (the extensiveness of any surveillance largely depended on how valuable a product was to the economy) and one tenant in every apartment building was designated as a watchdog reporting to an area representative of the Volkspolizei (Vopo). Spies reported every relative or friend who stayed the night at another's apartment. Tiny holes were drilled in apartment and hotelroom walls through which Stasi agents filmed citizens with special video cameras. Schools, universities, andhospitals were extensively infiltrated.

The Stasi had formal categorizations of each type of informant, and had official guidelines on how to extract information from, and control, those who they came into contact with. The roles of informants ranged from those already in some way involved in state security (such as the police and the armed services) to those in the dissident movements (such as in the arts and the Protestant Church). Information gathered about the latter groups was frequently used to pide or discredit members. Informants were made to feel important, given material or social incentives, and were imbued with a sense of adventure, and only around 7.7%, according to official figures, were coerced into cooperating. A significant proportion of those informing were members of the SED; to employ some form of blackmail, however, was not uncommon. A large number of Stasi informants were trolley conductors, janitors, doctors, nurses and teachers; Mielke believed the best informants were those whose jobs entailed frequent contact with the public.

The Stasi's ranks swelled considerably after Eastern Bloc countries signed the 1975 Helsinki accords, which Erich Honecker viewed as a grave threat to his regime because they contained language binding signatories to respect "human and basic rights, including freedom of thought, conscience, religion, and conviction." The number of IMs peaked at around 180,000 in that year, having slowly risen from 20,000–30,000 in the early 1950s, and reaching 100,000 for the first time in 1968, in response to Ostpolitik and protests worldwide. The Stasi also acted as a proxy for KGB to conduct activities in other Eastern Bloc countries, such as Poland, where the Soviets were despised.

The Stasi infiltrated almost every aspect of GDR life. In the mid-1980s, a network of IMs began growing in both German states; by the time East Germany collapsed in 1989, the Stasi employed 91,015 employees and 173,081 informants. About one of every 63 East Germans collaborated with the Stasi. By at least one estimate, the Stasi maintained greater surveillance over its own people than any secret police force in history. The Stasi employed one full-time agent for every 166 East Germans. The ratios swelled when informers were factored in: counting part-time informers, the Stasi had one informer per 6.5 people. By comparison, the Gestapo employed one secret policeman per 2,000 people. This comparison led Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal to call the Stasi even more oppressive than the Gestapo. Additionally, Stasi agents infiltrated and undermined West Germany's government and spy agencies.

In some cases, spouses even spied on each other. A high-profile example of this was peace activist Vera Lengsfeld, whose husband, Knud Wollenberger, was a Stasi informant.

Zersetzung

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2012)

The Stasi perfected the technique of psychological harassment of perceived enemies known as Zersetzung – a term borrowed from chemistry which literally means "corrosion" or "undermining".

By the 1970s, the Stasi had decided that methods of overt persecution which had been employed up to that time, such as arrest and torture, were too crude and obvious. It was realised that psychological harassment was far less likely to be recognised for what it was, so its victims, and their supporters, were less likely to be provoked into active resistance, given that they would often not be aware of the source of their problems, or even its exact nature. Zersetzung was designed to side-track and "switch off" perceived enemies so that they would lose the will to continue any "inappropriate" activities.

Tactics employed under Zersetzung generally involved the disruption of the victim’s private or family life. This often included breaking into homes and messing with the contents – moving furniture, altering the timing of an alarm, removing pictures from walls or replacing one variety of tea with another. Other practices included smear campaigns, denunciation, provocation, psychological warfare, psychological subversion, wiretapping, bugging, mysterious phone calls or unnecessary deliveries, even including sending a vibrator to a target's wife. Usually victims had no idea the Stasi were responsible. Many thought they were losing their minds, and mental breakdowns and suicide could result.

One great advantage of the harassment perpetrated under Zersetzung was that its subtle nature meant that it was able to be denied. That was important given that the GDR was trying to improve its international standing during the 1970s and 80s.

Zersetzung techniques have since been adopted by other security agencies, particularly the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB).

International operations

See also: Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung

Other files (the Rosenholz Files), which contained the names of East German spies abroad, led American spy agencies to capture them. After German reunification, it was revealed that the Stasi had secretly aided left-wing terrorists such as the Red Army Faction, even though no part of the RAF had ever been ideologically aligned with the GDR.

Directorate X was responsible for disinformation. Rolf Wagenbreth, director of disinformation operations, stated "Our friends in Moscow call it ‘dezinformatsiya'. Our enemies in America call it ‘active measures,’ and I, dear friends, call it ‘my favorite pastime'".

Examples

• Stasi experts helped to build the secret police of Mengistu Haile Mariam in Ethiopia.
• Fidel Castro's regime in Cuba was particularly interested in receiving training from Stasi. Stasi instructors worked in Cuba and Cuban communists received training in East Germany. The Stasi chief Markus Wolf described how he set up the Cuban system on the pattern of the East German system.
• Stasi experts helped in initial training and indoctrination of Egyptian State Security organizations under the Nasser regime from 1957-58 onwards. This was discontinued in 1969.
• The Stasi's experts worked with building secret police systems in the People's Republic of Angola, thePeople's Republic of Mozambique, and the People's Republic of Yemen (South Yemen).
• Stasi organized and extensively trained Syrian intelligence services under the Assad regime and Baath Party from 1966 onwards and especially from 1973.
• Stasi experts helped to set up Idi Amin's secret police.
• Stasi experts helped Kwame Nkrumah to build his secret police. When Ghanaians overthrew the regime, Stasi Major Jurgen Rogalla was imprisoned.
• The Stasi sent agents to the West as sleeper agents. For instance, sleeper agent Günter Guillaumebecame a senior aide to social democratic chancellor Willy Brandt, and reported about his politics and private life.
• The Stasi operated at least one brothel. Agents were used against both men and women working in Western governments. "Entrapment" was used against married men and homosexuals.
• Martin Schlaff – According to the German parliament's investigations, the Austrian billionaire's Stasi codename was "Landgraf" and registration number "3886-86". He made money by supplying embargoed goods to East Germany.
• Sokratis Kokkalis – Stasi documents suggest that the Greek businessman was a Stasi agent, whose operations included delivering Western technological secrets and bribing Greek officials to buy outdated East German telecom equipment.
• Red Army Faction (Baader-Meinhof Group)—A terrorist organization which killed dozens of West Germans and others.
• The Stasi ordered a campaign in which cemeteries and other Jewish sites in West Germany were smeared with swastikas and other Nazi symbols. Funds were channelled to a small West German group for it to defend Adolf Eichmann.
• The Stasi channelled large amounts of money to Neo-Nazi groups in West, with the purpose of discrediting the West.
• The Stasi worked in a campaign to create extensive material and propaganda against Israel.
• Murder of Benno Ohnesorg – A Stasi agent carried out the murder, which stirred a whole movement of left-wing protest and violence. The Economist describes it as "the gunshot that hoaxed a generation".
• Operation Infektion—The Stasi helped the KGB to spread HIV/AIDS disinformation that the United States had created the disease. Millions of people around the world still believe in these claims.
• Sandoz chemical spill—The KGB reportedly ordered the Stasi to sabotage the chemical factory to distract attention from the Chernobyl disaster six months earlier in Ukraine.
• Investigators have found evidence of a death squad that carried out a number of assassinations (including assassination of Swedish journalist Cats Falck) on orders from the East German government from 1976 to 1987. Attempts to prosecute members failed.
• The Stasi attempted to assassinate Wolfgang Welsch, a famous critic of the regime. Stasi collaborator Peter Haack (Stasi codename "Alfons") befriended Welsch and then fed him hamburgers poisoned withthallium. It took weeks for doctors to find out why Welsch had suddenly lost his hair.
• Documents in the Stasi archives state that the KGB ordered Bulgarian agents to assassinate Pope John Paul II, who was known for his criticism of human rights in the communist block, and the Stasi was asked to help with covering up traces.
• A special unit of the Stasi assisted Romanian intelligence in kidnapping Romanian dissident Oliviu Beldeanu from West Germany.
• In 1975, Stasi recorded a conversation between senior West German CDU politicians Helmut Kohl andKurt Biedenkopf. It was then "leaked" to the Stern magazine as a transcript recorded by American intelligence. The magazine then claimed that Americans were wiretapping West Germans and the public believed the story.

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Fall of the Soviet Union

Recruitment of informants became increasingly difficult towards the end of the GDR's existence, and after 1986, there was a negative turnover rate of IMs. This had a significant impact on the Stasi's ability to survey the population, in a period of growing unrest, and knowledge of the Stasi's activities became more widespread. The Stasi had been tasked during this period with preventing the country's economic difficulties becoming a political problem, through suppression of the very worst problems the state faced, but it failed to do so.

Stasi officers reportedly had discussed re-branding East Germany as a democratic capitalist country to the West, but which would be in practice taken over by Stasi officers. The plan specified 2,587 OibE officers who would take over power (Offiziere im besonderen Einsatz, "officers on special assignment") and it was registered as Top Secret Document 0008-6/86 of 17 March 1986. According to Ion Mihai Pacepa, the chief intelligence officer in communist Romania, other communist intelligence services had similar plans. On 12 March 1990, Der Spiegel reported that the Stasi was indeed attempting to implement 0008-6/86. Pacepa has noted that what happened in Russia and how KGB Colonel Vladimir Putin took over Russia resembles these plans. See Putinism.

On 7 November 1989, in response to the rapidly changing political and social situation in the GDR in late 1989, Erich Mielke resigned. On 17 November 1989, the Council of Ministers (Ministerrat der DDR) renamed the Stasi as the "Office for National Security" (Amt für Nationale Sicherheit – AfNS), which was headed by GeneralleutnantWolfgang Schwanitz. On 8 December 1989, GDR Prime Minister Hans Modrow directed the dissolution of the AfNS, which was confirmed by a decision of the Ministerrat on 14 December 1989.

As part of this decision, the Ministerrat originally called for the evolution of the AfNS into two separate organizations: a new foreign intelligence service (Nachrichtendienst der DDR) and an "Office for the Protection of the Constitution of the GDR" (Verfassungsschutz der DDR), along the lines of the West German Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz, however, the public reaction was extremely negative, and under pressure from the "Round Table" (Runder Tisch), the government dropped the creation of the Verfassungsschutz der DDR and directed the immediate dissolution of the AfNS on 13 January 1990. Certain functions of the AfNS reasonably related to law enforcement were handed over to the GDR Ministry of Internal Affairs. The same ministry also took guardianship of remaining AfNS facilities.

When the parliament of Germany investigated public funds that disappeared after the Fall of the Berlin Wall, it found out that East Germany had transferred large amounts of money to Martin Schlaff through accounts in Vaduz, the capital of Liechtenstein, in return for goods "under Western embargo". Moreover, high-ranking Stasi officers continued their post-DDR careers in management positions in Schlaff’s group of companies. For example, in 1990, Herbert Kohler, Stasi commander in Dresden, transferred 170 million marks to Schlaff for "harddisks" and months later went to work for him. The investigations concluded that "Schlaff’s empire of companies played a crucial role" in the Stasi attempts to secure the financial future of Stasi agents and keep the intelligence network alive. The Stern magazine noted that KGB officer Vladimir Putin worked with his Stasi colleagues in Dresden in 1989.

In the Soviet Union, about 50 billion U.S. dollars were transferred out of the country (see FIMACO).[not relevant]

Recovery of the Stasi files

During the Peaceful Revolution of 1989, Stasi offices were overrun by enraged citizens, but not before the Stasi destroyed a number of documents (approximately 5%) consisting of, by one calculation, 1 billion sheets of paper.

Storming the Stasi headquarters

As the GDR began to fall, the Stasi did as well. They began to destroy the extensive files that they had kept, both by hand and with the use of shredders.

Citizens protesting and entering the Stasi building in Berlin; the sign accuses the Stasi and SED of being Nazistic dictators.

When these activities became known, a protest erupted in front of the Stasi headquarters. In the evening of 15 January 1990, a large crowd of people formed outside the gates in order to stop the destruction of personal files. In their minds, this information should have been available to them and also have been used to punish those who had taken part in Stasi actions. The large group of protesters grew and grew until they were able to overcome the police and gain entry into the complex. The protesters became violent and destructive as they smashed doors and windows, threw furniture, and trampled portraits of Erich Honecker, leader of the GDR. Among the destructive public were officers working for the West German government, as well as former Stasi collaborators seeking to destroy documents. One explanation postulated as to why the Stasi did not open fire was for fear of hitting their own colleagues. As the people continued their violence, these undercover men proceeded into the file room and acquired many files that would become of great importance to catching ex-Stasi members.

Controversy of the Stasi files

With the German Reunification on 3 October 1990, a new government agency was founded called the Office of the Federal Commissioner Preserving the Records of the Ministry for State Security of the GDR (BStU). There was a debate about what should happen to the files, whether they should be opened to the people or kept closed.

Those who opposed opening the files cited privacy as a reason. They felt that the information in the files would lead to negative feelings about former Stasi members, and, in turn, cause violence. Pastor Rainer Eppelmann, who became Minister of Defense and Disarmament after March 1990, felt that new political freedoms for former Stasi members would be jeopardized by acts of revenge. Prime Minister Lothar de Maizière even went so far as to predict murder. They also argued against the use of the files to capture former Stasi members and prosecute them, arguing that not all former members were criminals and should not be punished solely for being a member. There were also some who believed that everyone was guilty of something. Peter Michael Diestel, the Minister of Interior, opined that these files could not be used to determine innocence and guilt, claiming that "there were only two types of inpiduals who were truly innocent in this system, the newborn and the alcoholic". Other opinions, such as the one of West German Interior Minister Wolfgang Schäuble, believed in putting the Stasi behind them and working on German reunification.

Others argued that everyone should have the right to see their own file, and that the files should be opened to investigate former Stasi members and prosecute them, as well as not allow them to hold office. Opening the files would also help clear up some of the rumors that were floating around. Some also believed that politicians involved with the Stasi should be investigated.

The fate of the files was finally decided under the Unification Treaty between the GDR and Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). This treaty took the Volkskammer law further and allowed more access and use of the files. Along with the decision to keep the files in a central location in the East, they also decided who could see and use the files, allowing people to see their own files.

In 1992, following a declassification ruling by the German government, the Stasi files were opened, leading people to look for their files. Timothy Garton Ash, an English historian, after reading his file, wrote The File: A Personal History while completing his dissertation research in East Berlin.

Between 1991 and 2011, around 2.75 million inpiduals, mostly GDR citizens, requested to see their own files. The ruling also gave people the ability to make duplicates of their documents. Another big issue was how the media could use and benefit from the documents. It was decided that the media could obtain files as long as they were depersonalized and not regarding an inpidual under the age of 18 or a former Stasi member. This ruling not only gave the media access to the files, but also gave schools access.

Tracking down former Stasi informers with the files

Even though groups of this sort were active in the community, those who were tracking down ex-members were, as well. Many of these hunters succeeded in catching ex-Stasi; however, charges could not be made for merely being a member. The person in question would have had to participate in an illegal act, not just be a registered Stasi member. Among the high-profile inpiduals who were arrested and tried were Erich Mielke, Third Minister of State Security of the GDR, and Erich Honecker, head of state for the GDR. Mielke was sentenced to six years prison for the murder of two policemen in 1931. Honecker was charged with authorizing the killing of would-be escapees on the East-West frontier and the Berlin Wall. During his trial, he went through cancer treatment. Because he was nearing death, Honecker was allowed to spend his final time in Chile. He died in May 1994.

Reassembling the destroyed files

Document shredding is described in Stasiland. Some of it is very easy due to the number of archives and the failure of shredding machines (in some cases "shredding" meant tearing paper in two by hand and documents could be recovered easily). In 1995, the BStU began reassembling the shredded documents; 13 years later the three dozen archivists commissioned to the projects had only reassembled 327 bags; they are now usingcomputer-assisted data recovery to reassemble the remaining 16,000 bags – estimated at 45 million pages. It is estimated that this task may be completed at a cost of 30 million dollars.

The CIA acquired some Stasi records during the looting of the Stasi archives. The Federal Republic of Germanyhas asked for their return and received some in April 2000. See also Rosenholz files.

Museum in the old headquarters

Statue of workers and Police officer in front of the Stasi archives, Mitte district, Berlin.

The Anti-Stalinist Action Normannenstraße (ASTAK), an association founded by former GDR Citizens' Committees, has transformed the former headquarters of the Stasi into a museum. It is pided into three floors:

• Ground floor

The ground floor has been kept as it used to be. The decor is original, with many statues and flags.

• Between the ground and first (upper) floor:
  • Surveillance technology and Stasi symbols: Some of the tools that the Stasi used to track down their opponents. During an interview the seats were covered with a cotton cloth to collect the perspiration of the victim. The cloth was placed in a glass jar, which was annotated with the victim's name, and archived. Other common ways that the scents would be collected is through breaking into a home and taking parts of garments. The most common garment taken was underpants, because of how close the garment is to the skin. The Stasi would then use trained dogs to track down the person using this scent. Other tools shown here include a tie-camera, cigarette box camera, and an AK-47 hidden in luggage.
  • Display gallery of Directorate VII. This part of the museum tells the history of the Stasi, from the beginning of the GDR to the fall of the Berlin Wall.

• First (upper) floor
  • Mielke's offices. The decor is 1960s furniture. There is a reception room with a TV set in the cafeteria.
  • Office of Colonel Heinz Volpert
  • Lounge for drivers and bodyguards
  • Office of Major-General Hans Carlsohn, director of the secretariat
  • Secretariat
  • The Cafeteria
  • Kitchen
  • The Minister’s Workroom
  • The Conference Room with a giant map of Germany on a wall—one of the most impressive rooms.
  • The cloakroom

• Second (upper) floor
  • Repression—Rebellion—Self-Liberation from 1945 to 1989

Photo gallery:

• 
  Kitchen
• 
  Surveillance
• 
  Secretariat
• 
  Prison

Stasi officers after the reunification

Recruitment by Russian state-owned companies

Former Stasi agent Matthias Warnig (codename "Arthur") is currently the CEO of Nord Stream. German investigations have revealed that some of the key Gazprom Germania managers are former Stasi agents.

Lobbying

Former Stasi officers continue to be politically active via the Gesellschaft zur Rechtlichen und Humanitären Unterstützung e. V. (Society for Legal and Humanitarian Support) (GRH). Former high-ranking officers and employees of the Stasi, including the last Stasi director, Wolfgang Schwanitz, make up the majority of the organization's members, and it receives support from the German Communist Party, among others.

Impetus for the establishment of the GRH was provided by the criminal charges filed against the Stasi in the early 1990s. The GRH, decrying the charges as "victor's justice", called for them to be dropped. Today the group provides an alternative if somewhat utopian voice in the public debate on the GDR legacy. It calls for the closure of the museum in Hohenschönhausen and can be a vocal presence at memorial services and public events. In March 2006 in Berlin, GRH members disrupted a museum event; a political scandal ensued when the Berlin Senator (Minister) of Culture refused to confront them.

Behind the scenes, the GRH also lobbies people and institutions promoting opposing viewpoints. For example, in March 2006, the Berlin Senator for Education received a letter from a GRH member and former Stasi officer attacking the Museum for promoting "falsehoods, anticommunist agitation and psychological terror against minors". Similar letters have also been received by schools organizing field trips to the museum.

Alleged informants

Vic Allen Richard Clements Gwyneth Edwards Football club Dynamo Dresden had more than 18 agents Ingo Steuer, figure skater and now trainer

Robin Pearson (Lecturer at the University of Hull) John Roper, Baron Roper of Thorney Island Bernd Runge, CEO of Phillips de Pury auction house Holm Singer,

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

See also

• Verfassungsschutz
• Mass surveillance
• Stasiland
• Felix Dzerzhinsky Watch Regiment
• Stasi 2.0
• BFC Dynamo
• Werner Teske
• Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc
• Eastern Bloc politics
• Economic and industrial espionage

Footnotes

1. ^ [1]
2.  Chambers, Madeline,No remorse from Stasi as Berlin marks fall of Wall, Reuters, 4 Nov 2009.
3.  Angela Merkel 'turned down' job from Stasi, The Daily Telegraph, 14 November 2012.
4.  Connolly, Kate,'Puzzlers' reassemble shredded Stasi files, bit by bit, The Los Angeles Times, 1 November 2009.
5.  Calio, Jim, The Stasi Prison Ghosts, The Huffington Post, 18 November 2009.
6.  Rosenberg, Steve, Computers to solve Stasi puzzle, BBC, 25 May 2007.
7.  New Study Finds More Stasi Spooks, Der Spiegel, 11 March 2008.
8.  Glees, Anthony (1 August 1996). Reinventing Germany: German political development since 1945. Berg. p. 213. ISBN 978-1-85973-185-7. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
9.  [2] pp. 53–85
10. ^ Koehler 2000, p. 74
11.  "East Germany - Agencies of the Ministry of State Security". Country-data.com. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
12. ^ Koehler 2000, pp. 8–9
13. ^ Fulbrook 2005, pp. 228
14.  Gieseke 2001, pp. 86–87
15.  Müller-Enbergs 1993, p. 55
16.  Gieseke 2001, p. 58
17. ^ Koehler 2000, p. 9
18.  Fulbrook 2005, p. 241
19. ^ Fulbrook 2005, pp. 242–243
20.  Fulbrook 2005, pp. 245
21. ^ Sebetsyen, Victor (2009). Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire. New York City: Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-375-42532-2.
22.  Koehler 2000, p. 142
23.  Fulbrook 2005, pp. 240
24.  Koehler 2000, p. 76
25.  Gieseke 2001, p. 54
26.  Computers to solve stasi puzzle-BBC, Friday 25 May 2007.
27.  The New York Times http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/k/koehler-stasi.html |url= missing title (help).
28.  Harding, Luke (2011). Mafia State. London: Guardian Books. pp. 282–8. ISBN (HB) 978-0852-65247-3.
29.  Translated from paragraph 6 of the German article "Einmal in der Stalinallee", Der Spiegel 29/1991. P. 32. Online version (or [3]) viewed on May 29, 2013.
30.  A brave woman seeks justice and historical recognition for past wrongs. 27 September 2007. The Economist.
31. ^ THE FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE-GATHERING OF THE MfS’ HAUPTVERWALTUNG AUFKLÄRUNG. Jérôme Mellon. 16 October 2001.
32.  Seduced by secrets: inside the Stasi's spy-tech world. Kristie Macrakis. P. 166–171.
33.  The culture of conflict in modern Cuba. Nicholas A. Robins. P. 45.
34.  Rafiq Hariri and the fate of Lebanon (2009). Marwān Iskandar. P. 201.
35.  Gareth M. Winrow: The foreign policy of the GDR in Africa, p. 141
36.  Stasi: the untold story of the East German secret police (1999). John O. Koehler.
37.  Craig R. Whitney (12 April 1995). "Gunter Guillaume, 68, Is Dead; Spy Caused Willy Brandt's Fall". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 May 2009.
38.  Where Have All His Spies Gone?. New York Times. 12 August 1990
39. ^ "The Schlaff Saga / Laundered funds & 'business' ties to the Stasi". Haaretz. 7 September 2010.
40.  Olympiakos soccer chief was 'spy for Stasi'. The Independent. 24 February 2002.
41. ^ E. Germany Ran Antisemitic Campaign in West in ’60s. Washington Post, 28 February 1993.
42.  Neo-Nazism: a threat to Europe? Jillian Becker, Institute for European Defence & Strategic Studies. P. 16.
43.  The Truth about the Gunshot that Changed Germany. Spiegel Online. 28 May 2009.
44.  The gunshot that hoaxed a generation. The Economist. 28 May 2009.
45.  Koehler, John O. (1999) Stasi: The Untold Story of the East German Secret Police ISBN 0-8133-3409-8.
46.  Operation INFEKTION - Soviet Bloc Intelligence and Its AIDS Disinformation Campaign. Thomas Boghardt. 2009.
47.  KGB ordered Swiss explosion to distract attention from Chernobyl. United Press International. 27 November 2000.
48.  Stasi accused of Swiss disaster. The Irish Times. 23 November 2000.
49.  Sehnsucht Natur: Ökologisierung des Denkens (2009). Johannes Straubinger.
50.  Hall, Thomas (25 September 2003). "Svensk tv-reporter mördades av DDR" (in Swedish). Dagens Nyheter. Retrieved 20 January 2008.
51.  Svensson, Leif (26 September 2003). "Misstänkt mördare från DDR gripen" (in Swedish). Dagens Nyheter/Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå. Retrieved 20 January 2008.
52.  "Misstänkte DDR-mördaren släppt" (in Swedish). Dagens Nyheter/Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå. 17 December 2003. Retrieved 20 January 2008.
53.  Seduced by secrets: inside the Stasi's spy-tech world. Kristie Macrakis. P. 176.
54.  "Stasi Files Implicate KGB in Pope Shooting". Deutche Welle.
55.  The Kremlin’s Killing Ways—A long tradition continues. 28 November 2006. National Review.
56.  Stasi: shield and sword of the party (2008). John C. Schmeidel. P. 138.
57.  Fulbrook 2005, pp. 242
58. ^ Von OibE durchsetzt. Der Spiegel 12.03 1990
59. ^ "Symposium: From Russia With Death" (a partial transcript: part1, part2) on 19 January 2007. The panel contained Oleg Kalugin, Richard Pipes, Vladimir Bukovsky, Jim Woolsey, Lt. Gen. Ion Mihai Pacepa, David Satter, Yuri Yarim-Agaev and Andrei Piontkovsk.
60. ^ A tale of gazoviki, money and greed. Stern magazine, 13 September 2007
61.  http://www.wired.com/politics/security/magazine/16-02/ff_stasi
62.  The Stasi Headquarters The former headquarters of the Stasi is now a museum that is open to the public.
63.  Functions of the BStU, from the English version of the official BStU website
64.  The File, Information about "The File"
65.  The Guardian, "Germans piece together millions of lives spied on by Stasi", 13 March 2011
66.  Wired: "Intel Inside"
67.  BBC: "MfS files return to Germany."
68.  Nord Stream, Matthias Warnig (codename "Arthur") and the Gazprom Lobby Eurasia Daily Monitor Volume: 6 Issue: 114
69.  Gazprom's Loyalists in Berlin and Brussels. Eurasia Daily Monitor Volume: 6 Issue: 100. 26 May 2009
70.  Police investigate Gazprom executive's Stasi past
71.  Stasi Offiziere Leugnen den Terror. Berliner Morgenpost 16 March 2006. [4]
72.  Backmann, Christa. Stasi-Anhänger schreiben an Bildungssenator Böger. Berliner Morgenpost 25 March 2006. [5]
73.  Schomaker, Gilbert. Ehemalige Stasi-Kader schreiben Schulen an. Die Welt, 26 March 2006. [6]
74. ^ "I regret nothing, says Stasi spy". BBC. 20 September 1999.
75.  "Spying Who's Who". BBC. 22 September 1999.
76.  H-Soz-u-Kult / Mielke, Macht und Meisterschaft
77.  Court Decision Paves Olympics Way for Stasi-linked Coach
78.  "Respected lecturer's double life". BBC. 20 September 1999.
79.  "The Stasi spy (cont)". London: Guardian. 14 June 2003.
80.  Reyburn, Scott (26 January 2009). "Former Stasi Agent Bernd Runge Gets Phillips Top Job (Update1)". Bloomberg.
81.  [7][dead link]
82.  Palmer, Carolyn (25 March 2008). "E.German Stasi informant wins battle to conceal past". Reuters.