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Public domain: Informants - the Mark of the Beast
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Public domain: Your friendly community spies 7-16-02
Public domain: Transnational Fraud Case - Carroll Foundation Trust
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Public domain: GlobalSecurity.org: FM 3-25.150 TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Public domain: Smoke and Mirrors: War on Drugs = War for Profit - Mossad
Public domain: Seton Hall Constitutional L.J. 2001, 685
Public domain: Deep Within The Bowels Of The Vatican And Illuminati: The Small Public Chapter of Svali's Life Coming To An End
Public domain: Mossad
Public domain: Drugs Guns Mexico CIA Mossad
See these links, the students, NSA, have surpassed the Master - the Stasi:
_____________________________
Stasi
This article is about the secret police of East Germany. For its other common meaning, see
Stasi Commission. For the regular police in East Germany, see
Volkspolizei.
The Ministry for State Security (German: Ministerium für Staatssicherheit, MfS), commonly known as the Stasi (IPA:
[ˈʃtɑːziː]) (abbreviation
German:
Staatssicherheit, literally State Security), was the official state
security service of the
German Democratic Republic or GDR, colloquially known as East Germany. It has been described as one of the most effective and repressive
intelligence and
secret police agencies in the world. The Stasi was headquartered in
East Berlin, with an extensive complex in
Berlin-Lichtenberg and several smaller facilities throughout the city. The Stasi motto was "Schild und Schwert der Partei" (Shield and Sword of the Party), that is the ruling
Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED). Several Stasi officials were prosecuted for their crimes after 1990.
Creation
Relationship with the KGB
Although Mielke's Stasi was superficially granted independence in 1957, until 1990 the
KGB continued to maintain liaison officers in all eight main Stasi directorates, each with his own office inside the Stasi's Berlin compound, and in each of the fifteen Stasi district headquarters around East Germany. Collaboration was so close that the KGB invited the Stasi to establish operational bases in Moscow and Leningrad to monitor visiting East German tourists and Mielke referred to the Stasi officers as "
Chekists of the Soviet Union". In 1978, Mielke formally granted KGB officers in East Germany the same rights and powers they enjoyed in the Soviet Union.
Organization
The Ministry for State Security also included the following entities:
- Main Administration for Reconnaissance: focused its efforts primarily upon West Germany and theNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization, but it also operated East German intelligence in all foreign countries.
- Main Coordinating Administration of the Ministry for State Security: coordinated its work with Soviet intelligence agencies.
- Main Department for Communications Security and Personnel Protection: provided personal security for the national leadership and maintained and operated an internal secure communications system for the government.
- Administration for Security of Heavy Industry and Research and Main Administration for Security of the Economy: protection against sabotage or espionage.
- Main Administration for Struggle Against Suspicious Persons was charged with the surveillance of foreigners — particularly from the West — legally traveling or residing within the country. This included the diplomatic community, tourists, and official guests.
- Division of Garbage Analysis: was responsible for analyzing garbage for any suspect western foods and/or materials.
- Administration 12 was responsible for the surveillance of mail and telephone communications.
- Administration 2000 was responsible for the reliability of National People's Army (NVA) personnel. Admin 2000 operated a secret, unofficial network of informants within the NVA.
- Penal System: to facilitate its mission of enforcing the political security of East Germany, the Stasi operated its own penal system, distinct from that of the Ministry of the Interior. This system comprised prison camps for political, as opposed to criminal, offenders.
- Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment: the armed force at disposal of the ministry, named for the founder of the Cheka, the Bolshevik secret police. The members of this regiment, who served at least three years, were responsible for protecting high government and party buildings and personnel. The regiment was composed of six motorized rifle battalions, one artillery battalion, and one training battalion. Its equipment included PSZH-IV armored personnel carriers, 120 mm mortars, 85 mm and 100 mm antitank guns, ZU-23 antiaircraft guns, and helicopters. A Swiss source reported in 1986 that the troops of the Ministry of State Security also had commando units similar to the Soviet Union'sSpetsnaz forces. These East German units were said to wear the uniform of the airborne troops, although with the violet collar patch of the Ministry for State Security rather than the orange one of paratroopers. They also wore the sleeve stripe of the Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment.
Operations
Personnel
Stasi Headquarters in Berlin
Between 1950 and 1989, the Stasi employed a total of 274,000 people in an effort to root out the class enemy. In 1989, the Stasi employed 91,015 persons full-time, including 2,000 fully employed unofficial collaborators, 13,073 soldiers and 2,232 officers of GDR army, along with 173,081 unofficial informants inside GDR and 1,553 informants in
West Germany. In terms of the identity of inoffizielle Mitarbeiter (IMs) Stasi informants, by 1995, 174,000 had been identified, which approximated 2.5% of East Germany's population between the ages of 18 and 60. 10,000 IMs were under 18 years of age.
While these calculations were from official records, according to the federal commissioner in charge of the Stasi archives in Berlin, because many such records were destroyed, there were likely closer to 500,000 Stasi informers. A former Stasi colonel who served in the counterintelligence directorate estimated that the figure could be as high as 2 million if occasional informants were included.
Infiltration
Full-time officers were posted to all major industrial
plants (the extensiveness of any surveillance largely depended on how valuable a product was to the economy) and one tenant in every
apartment building was designated as a watchdog reporting to an area representative of the
Volkspolizei (Vopo). Spies reported every relative or friend who stayed the night at another's apartment. Tiny holes were drilled in apartment and
hotelroom walls through which Stasi agents filmed citizens with special video cameras. Schools, universities, and
hospitals were extensively infiltrated.
The Stasi had formal categorizations of each type of informant, and had official guidelines on how to extract information from, and control, those who they came into contact with. The roles of informants ranged from those already in some way involved in state security (such as the police and the armed services) to those in the dissident movements (such as in the arts and the
Protestant Church). Information gathered about the latter groups was frequently used to pide or discredit members. Informants were made to feel important, given material or social incentives, and were imbued with a sense of adventure, and only around 7.7%, according to official figures, were coerced into cooperating. A significant proportion of those informing were members of the SED; to employ some form of blackmail, however, was not uncommon. A large number of Stasi informants were trolley conductors, janitors,
doctors, nurses and teachers; Mielke believed the best informants were those whose jobs entailed frequent contact with the public.
The Stasi's ranks swelled considerably after
Eastern Bloc countries signed the 1975
Helsinki accords, which
Erich Honecker viewed as a grave threat to his regime because they contained language binding signatories to respect "human and basic rights, including freedom of thought, conscience, religion, and conviction." The number of IMs peaked at around 180,000 in that year, having slowly risen from 20,000–30,000 in the early 1950s, and reaching 100,000 for the first time in 1968, in response to
Ostpolitik and
protests worldwide. The Stasi also acted as a proxy for KGB to conduct activities in other Eastern Bloc countries, such as
Poland, where the Soviets were despised.
The Stasi infiltrated almost every aspect of GDR life. In the mid-1980s, a network of IMs began growing in both German states; by the time East Germany collapsed in 1989, the Stasi employed 91,015 employees and 173,081 informants. About one of every 63 East Germans collaborated with the Stasi. By at least one estimate, the Stasi maintained greater surveillance over its own people than any secret police force in history. The Stasi employed one full-time agent for every 166 East Germans. The ratios swelled when informers were factored in: counting part-time informers, the Stasi had one informer per 6.5 people. By comparison, the
Gestapo employed one secret policeman per 2,000 people. This comparison led Nazi hunter
Simon Wiesenthal to call the Stasi even more oppressive than the Gestapo. Additionally, Stasi agents infiltrated and undermined West Germany's government and spy agencies.
In some cases, spouses even spied on each other. A high-profile example of this was peace activist
Vera Lengsfeld, whose husband, Knud Wollenberger, was a Stasi informant.
Zersetzung
The Stasi perfected the technique of psychological harassment of perceived enemies known as Zersetzung – a term borrowed from chemistry which literally means "corrosion" or "undermining".
By the 1970s, the Stasi had decided that methods of overt persecution which had been employed up to that time, such as arrest and torture, were too crude and obvious. It was realised that psychological harassment was far less likely to be recognised for what it was, so its victims, and their supporters, were less likely to be provoked into active resistance, given that they would often not be aware of the source of their problems, or even its exact nature. Zersetzung was designed to side-track and "switch off" perceived enemies so that they would lose the will to continue any "inappropriate" activities.
Tactics employed under Zersetzung generally involved the disruption of the victim’s private or family life. This often included breaking into homes and messing with the contents – moving furniture, altering the timing of an alarm, removing pictures from walls or replacing one variety of tea with another. Other practices included
smear campaigns,
denunciation,
provocation, psychological warfare,
psychological subversion,
wiretapping,
bugging, mysterious phone calls or unnecessary deliveries, even including sending a
vibrator to a target's wife. Usually victims had no idea the Stasi were responsible. Many thought they were losing their minds, and mental breakdowns and suicide could result.
One great advantage of the harassment perpetrated under Zersetzung was that its subtle nature meant that it was able to be denied. That was important given that the
GDR was trying to improve its international standing during the 1970s and 80s.
Zersetzung techniques have since been adopted by other security agencies, particularly the Russian
Federal Security Service (FSB).
International operations
Other files (the
Rosenholz Files), which contained the names of East German spies abroad, led American spy agencies to capture them. After German reunification, it was revealed that the Stasi had secretly aided left-wing terrorists such as the
Red Army Faction, even though no part of the RAF had ever been ideologically aligned with the GDR.
Directorate X was responsible for disinformation. Rolf Wagenbreth, director of disinformation operations, stated "Our friends in Moscow call it ‘dezinformatsiya'. Our enemies in America call it ‘
active measures,’ and I, dear friends, call it ‘my favorite pastime'".
Examples
- Stasi experts helped to build the secret police of Mengistu Haile Mariam in Ethiopia.
- Fidel Castro's regime in Cuba was particularly interested in receiving training from Stasi. Stasi instructors worked in Cuba and Cuban communists received training in East Germany. The Stasi chief Markus Wolf described how he set up the Cuban system on the pattern of the East German system.
- Stasi experts helped in initial training and indoctrination of Egyptian State Security organizations under the Nasser regime from 1957-58 onwards. This was discontinued in 1969.
- The Stasi's experts worked with building secret police systems in the People's Republic of Angola, thePeople's Republic of Mozambique, and the People's Republic of Yemen (South Yemen).
- Stasi organized and extensively trained Syrian intelligence services under the Assad regime and Baath Party from 1966 onwards and especially from 1973.
- Stasi experts helped to set up Idi Amin's secret police.
- Stasi experts helped Kwame Nkrumah to build his secret police. When Ghanaians overthrew the regime, Stasi Major Jurgen Rogalla was imprisoned.
- The Stasi sent agents to the West as sleeper agents. For instance, sleeper agent Günter Guillaumebecame a senior aide to social democratic chancellor Willy Brandt, and reported about his politics and private life.
- The Stasi operated at least one brothel. Agents were used against both men and women working in Western governments. "Entrapment" was used against married men and homosexuals.
- Martin Schlaff – According to the German parliament's investigations, the Austrian billionaire's Stasi codename was "Landgraf" and registration number "3886-86". He made money by supplying embargoed goods to East Germany.
- Sokratis Kokkalis – Stasi documents suggest that the Greek businessman was a Stasi agent, whose operations included delivering Western technological secrets and bribing Greek officials to buy outdated East German telecom equipment.
- Red Army Faction (Baader-Meinhof Group)—A terrorist organization which killed dozens of West Germans and others.
- The Stasi ordered a campaign in which cemeteries and other Jewish sites in West Germany were smeared with swastikas and other Nazi symbols. Funds were channelled to a small West German group for it to defend Adolf Eichmann.
- The Stasi channelled large amounts of money to Neo-Nazi groups in West, with the purpose of discrediting the West.
- The Stasi worked in a campaign to create extensive material and propaganda against Israel.
- Murder of Benno Ohnesorg – A Stasi agent carried out the murder, which stirred a whole movement of left-wing protest and violence. The Economist describes it as "the gunshot that hoaxed a generation".
- Operation Infektion—The Stasi helped the KGB to spread HIV/AIDS disinformation that the United States had created the disease. Millions of people around the world still believe in these claims.
- Sandoz chemical spill—The KGB reportedly ordered the Stasi to sabotage the chemical factory to distract attention from the Chernobyl disaster six months earlier in Ukraine.
- Investigators have found evidence of a death squad that carried out a number of assassinations (including assassination of Swedish journalist Cats Falck) on orders from the East German government from 1976 to 1987. Attempts to prosecute members failed.
- The Stasi attempted to assassinate Wolfgang Welsch, a famous critic of the regime. Stasi collaborator Peter Haack (Stasi codename "Alfons") befriended Welsch and then fed him hamburgers poisoned withthallium. It took weeks for doctors to find out why Welsch had suddenly lost his hair.
- Documents in the Stasi archives state that the KGB ordered Bulgarian agents to assassinate Pope John Paul II, who was known for his criticism of human rights in the communist block, and the Stasi was asked to help with covering up traces.
- A special unit of the Stasi assisted Romanian intelligence in kidnapping Romanian dissident Oliviu Beldeanu from West Germany.
- In 1975, Stasi recorded a conversation between senior West German CDU politicians Helmut Kohl andKurt Biedenkopf. It was then "leaked" to the Stern magazine as a transcript recorded by American intelligence. The magazine then claimed that Americans were wiretapping West Germans and the public believed the story.
Fall of the Soviet Union
Recruitment of informants became increasingly difficult towards the end of the GDR's existence, and after 1986, there was a negative turnover rate of IMs. This had a significant impact on the Stasi's ability to survey the population, in a period of growing unrest, and knowledge of the Stasi's activities became more widespread. The Stasi had been tasked during this period with preventing the country's economic difficulties becoming a political problem, through suppression of the very worst problems the state faced, but it failed to do so.
Stasi officers reportedly had discussed re-branding East Germany as a democratic capitalist country to the West, but which would be in practice taken over by Stasi officers. The plan specified 2,587 OibE officers who would take over power (Offiziere im besonderen Einsatz, "officers on special assignment") and it was registered as Top Secret Document 0008-6/86 of 17 March 1986. According to Ion Mihai Pacepa, the chief intelligence officer in communist Romania, other communist intelligence services had similar plans. On 12 March 1990, Der Spiegel reported that the Stasi was indeed attempting to implement 0008-6/86. Pacepa has noted that what happened in Russia and how KGB Colonel
Vladimir Putin took over Russia resembles these plans. See
Putinism.
On 7 November 1989, in response to the rapidly changing political and social situation in the GDR in late 1989, Erich Mielke resigned. On 17 November 1989, the Council of Ministers (
Ministerrat der DDR) renamed the Stasi as the "Office for National Security" (Amt für Nationale Sicherheit – AfNS), which was headed by
GeneralleutnantWolfgang Schwanitz. On 8 December 1989, GDR
Prime Minister Hans Modrow directed the dissolution of the AfNS, which was confirmed by a decision of the Ministerrat on 14 December 1989.
As part of this decision, the Ministerrat originally called for the evolution of the AfNS into two separate organizations: a new foreign intelligence service (Nachrichtendienst der DDR) and an "Office for the Protection of the Constitution of the GDR" (Verfassungsschutz der DDR), along the lines of the West German
Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz, however, the public reaction was extremely negative, and under pressure from the "Round Table" (Runder Tisch), the government dropped the creation of the Verfassungsschutz der DDR and directed the immediate dissolution of the AfNS on 13 January 1990. Certain functions of the AfNS reasonably related to law enforcement were handed over to the GDR Ministry of Internal Affairs. The same ministry also took guardianship of remaining AfNS facilities.
When the parliament of Germany investigated public funds that disappeared after the
Fall of the Berlin Wall, it found out that East Germany had transferred large amounts of money to
Martin Schlaff through accounts in Vaduz, the capital of Liechtenstein, in return for goods "under Western embargo". Moreover, high-ranking Stasi officers continued their post-DDR careers in management positions in Schlaff’s group of companies. For example, in 1990, Herbert Kohler, Stasi commander in Dresden, transferred 170 million marks to Schlaff for "harddisks" and months later went to work for him. The investigations concluded that "Schlaff’s empire of companies played a crucial role" in the Stasi attempts to secure the financial future of Stasi agents and keep the intelligence network alive. The
Stern magazine noted that
KGB officer
Vladimir Putin worked with his Stasi colleagues in Dresden in 1989.
In the Soviet Union, about 50 billion U.S. dollars were transferred out of the country (see
FIMACO).[
not relevant]
Recovery of the Stasi files
During the
Peaceful Revolution of 1989, Stasi offices were overrun by enraged citizens, but not before the Stasi destroyed a number of documents (approximately 5%) consisting of, by one calculation, 1 billion sheets of paper.
Storming the Stasi headquarters
As the
GDR began to fall, the Stasi did as well. They began to destroy the extensive files that they had kept, both by hand and with the use of shredders.
Citizens protesting and entering the Stasi building in Berlin; the sign accuses the Stasi and
SED of being Nazistic dictators.
When these activities became known, a protest erupted in front of the Stasi headquarters. In the evening of 15 January 1990, a large crowd of people formed outside the gates in order to stop the destruction of personal files. In their minds, this information should have been available to them and also have been used to punish those who had taken part in Stasi actions. The large group of protesters grew and grew until they were able to overcome the police and gain entry into the complex. The protesters became violent and destructive as they smashed doors and windows, threw furniture, and trampled portraits of
Erich Honecker, leader of the GDR. Among the destructive public were officers working for the West German government, as well as former Stasi collaborators seeking to destroy documents. One explanation postulated as to why the Stasi did not open fire was for fear of hitting their own colleagues. As the people continued their violence, these undercover men proceeded into the file room and acquired many files that would become of great importance to catching ex-Stasi members.
Controversy of the Stasi files
Those who opposed opening the files cited privacy as a reason. They felt that the information in the files would lead to negative feelings about former Stasi members, and, in turn, cause violence. Pastor
Rainer Eppelmann, who became Minister of Defense and Disarmament after March 1990, felt that new political freedoms for former Stasi members would be jeopardized by acts of revenge. Prime Minister
Lothar de Maizière even went so far as to predict murder. They also argued against the use of the files to capture former Stasi members and prosecute them, arguing that not all former members were criminals and should not be punished solely for being a member. There were also some who believed that everyone was guilty of something. Peter Michael Diestel, the Minister of Interior, opined that these files could not be used to determine innocence and guilt, claiming that "there were only two types of inpiduals who were truly innocent in this system, the newborn and the alcoholic". Other opinions, such as the one of West German Interior Minister
Wolfgang Schäuble, believed in putting the Stasi behind them and working on
German reunification.
Others argued that everyone should have the right to see their own file, and that the files should be opened to investigate former Stasi members and prosecute them, as well as not allow them to hold office. Opening the files would also help clear up some of the rumors that were floating around. Some also believed that politicians involved with the Stasi should be investigated.
The fate of the files was finally decided under the Unification Treaty between the GDR and
Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). This treaty took the Volkskammer law further and allowed more access and use of the files. Along with the decision to keep the files in a central location in the East, they also decided who could see and use the files, allowing people to see their own files.
In 1992, following a declassification ruling by the German government, the Stasi files were opened, leading people to look for their files.
Timothy Garton Ash, an English historian, after reading his file, wrote The File: A Personal History while completing his dissertation research in East Berlin.
Between 1991 and 2011, around 2.75 million inpiduals, mostly GDR citizens, requested to see their own files. The ruling also gave people the ability to make duplicates of their documents. Another big issue was how the media could use and benefit from the documents. It was decided that the media could obtain files as long as they were depersonalized and not regarding an inpidual under the age of 18 or a former Stasi member. This ruling not only gave the media access to the files, but also gave schools access.
Tracking down former Stasi informers with the files
Even though groups of this sort were active in the community, those who were tracking down ex-members were, as well. Many of these hunters succeeded in catching ex-Stasi; however, charges could not be made for merely being a member. The person in question would have had to participate in an illegal act, not just be a registered Stasi member. Among the high-profile inpiduals who were arrested and tried were
Erich Mielke, Third Minister of State Security of the GDR, and Erich Honecker, head of state for the GDR. Mielke was sentenced to six years prison for the murder of two policemen in 1931. Honecker was charged with authorizing the killing of would-be escapees on the East-West frontier and the
Berlin Wall. During his trial, he went through cancer treatment. Because he was nearing death, Honecker was allowed to spend his final time in Chile. He died in May 1994.
Reassembling the destroyed files
Document shredding is described in Stasiland. Some of it is very easy due to the number of archives and the failure of shredding machines (in some cases "shredding" meant tearing paper in two by hand and documents could be recovered easily). In 1995, the BStU began reassembling the shredded documents; 13 years later the three dozen archivists commissioned to the projects had only reassembled 327 bags; they are now using
computer-assisted data recovery to reassemble the remaining 16,000 bags – estimated at 45 million pages. It is estimated that this task may be completed at a cost of 30 million dollars.
Museum in the old headquarters
Statue of workers and Police officer in front of the Stasi archives, Mitte district, Berlin.
The Anti-Stalinist Action Normannenstraße (ASTAK), an association founded by former GDR Citizens' Committees, has transformed the former headquarters of the Stasi into a museum. It is pided into three floors:
The ground floor has been kept as it used to be. The decor is original, with many statues and flags.
- Between the ground and first (upper) floor:
- Surveillance technology and Stasi symbols: Some of the tools that the Stasi used to track down their opponents. During an interview the seats were covered with a cotton cloth to collect the perspiration of the victim. The cloth was placed in a glass jar, which was annotated with the victim's name, and archived. Other common ways that the scents would be collected is through breaking into a home and taking parts of garments. The most common garment taken was underpants, because of how close the garment is to the skin. The Stasi would then use trained dogs to track down the person using this scent. Other tools shown here include a tie-camera, cigarette box camera, and an AK-47 hidden in luggage.
- Display gallery of Directorate VII. This part of the museum tells the history of the Stasi, from the beginning of the GDR to the fall of the Berlin Wall.
- First (upper) floor
- Mielke's offices. The decor is 1960s furniture. There is a reception room with a TV set in the cafeteria.
- Office of Colonel Heinz Volpert
- Lounge for drivers and bodyguards
- Office of Major-General Hans Carlsohn, director of the secretariat
- Secretariat
- The Cafeteria
- Kitchen
- The Minister’s Workroom
- The Conference Room with a giant map of Germany on a wall—one of the most impressive rooms.
- The cloakroom
- Second (upper) floor
- Repression—Rebellion—Self-Liberation from 1945 to 1989
Photo gallery:
Kitchen
Surveillance
Secretariat
Prison
Stasi officers after the reunification
Recruitment by Russian state-owned companies
Former Stasi agent Matthias Warnig (codename "Arthur") is currently the CEO of
Nord Stream. German investigations have revealed that some of the key
Gazprom Germania managers are former Stasi agents.
Lobbying
Former Stasi officers continue to be politically active via the Gesellschaft zur Rechtlichen und Humanitären Unterstützung e. V. (Society for Legal and Humanitarian Support) (GRH). Former high-ranking officers and employees of the Stasi, including the last Stasi director, Wolfgang Schwanitz, make up the majority of the organization's members, and it receives support from the
German Communist Party, among others.
Impetus for the establishment of the GRH was provided by the criminal charges filed against the Stasi in the early 1990s. The GRH, decrying the charges as "victor's justice", called for them to be dropped. Today the group provides an alternative if somewhat utopian voice in the public debate on the GDR legacy. It calls for the closure of the museum in Hohenschönhausen and can be a vocal presence at memorial services and public events. In March 2006 in Berlin, GRH members disrupted a museum event; a political scandal ensued when the Berlin Senator (Minister) of Culture refused to confront them.
Behind the scenes, the GRH also lobbies people and institutions promoting opposing viewpoints. For example, in March 2006, the Berlin Senator for Education received a letter from a GRH member and former Stasi officer attacking the Museum for promoting "falsehoods, anticommunist agitation and psychological terror against minors". Similar letters have also been received by schools organizing field trips to the museum.
Alleged informants
See also
- ^ [1]
- Chambers, Madeline,No remorse from Stasi as Berlin marks fall of Wall, Reuters, 4 Nov 2009.
- Angela Merkel 'turned down' job from Stasi, The Daily Telegraph, 14 November 2012.
- Connolly, Kate,'Puzzlers' reassemble shredded Stasi files, bit by bit, The Los Angeles Times, 1 November 2009.
- Calio, Jim, The Stasi Prison Ghosts, The Huffington Post, 18 November 2009.
- Rosenberg, Steve, Computers to solve Stasi puzzle, BBC, 25 May 2007.
- New Study Finds More Stasi Spooks, Der Spiegel, 11 March 2008.
- Glees, Anthony (1 August 1996). Reinventing Germany: German political development since 1945. Berg. p. 213. ISBN 978-1-85973-185-7. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
- [2] pp. 53–85
- ^ Koehler 2000, p. 74
- "East Germany - Agencies of the Ministry of State Security". Country-data.com. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
- ^ Koehler 2000, pp. 8–9
- ^ Fulbrook 2005, pp. 228
- Gieseke 2001, pp. 86–87
- Müller-Enbergs 1993, p. 55
- Gieseke 2001, p. 58
- ^ Koehler 2000, p. 9
- Fulbrook 2005, p. 241
- ^ Fulbrook 2005, pp. 242–243
- Fulbrook 2005, pp. 245
- ^ Sebetsyen, Victor (2009). Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire. New York City: Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-375-42532-2.
- Koehler 2000, p. 142
- Fulbrook 2005, pp. 240
- Koehler 2000, p. 76
- Gieseke 2001, p. 54
- Computers to solve stasi puzzle-BBC, Friday 25 May 2007.
- The New York Times http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/k/koehler-stasi.html .
- Harding, Luke (2011). Mafia State. London: Guardian Books. pp. 282–8. ISBN (HB) 978-0852-65247-3.
- Translated from paragraph 6 of the German article "Einmal in der Stalinallee", Der Spiegel 29/1991. P. 32. Online version (or [3]) viewed on May 29, 2013.
- A brave woman seeks justice and historical recognition for past wrongs. 27 September 2007. The Economist.
- ^ THE FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE-GATHERING OF THE MfS’ HAUPTVERWALTUNG AUFKLÄRUNG. Jérôme Mellon. 16 October 2001.
- Seduced by secrets: inside the Stasi's spy-tech world. Kristie Macrakis. P. 166–171.
- The culture of conflict in modern Cuba. Nicholas A. Robins. P. 45.
- Rafiq Hariri and the fate of Lebanon (2009). Marwān Iskandar. P. 201.
- Gareth M. Winrow: The foreign policy of the GDR in Africa, p. 141
- Stasi: the untold story of the East German secret police (1999). John O. Koehler.
- Craig R. Whitney (12 April 1995). "Gunter Guillaume, 68, Is Dead; Spy Caused Willy Brandt's Fall". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 May 2009.
- Where Have All His Spies Gone?. New York Times. 12 August 1990
- ^ "The Schlaff Saga / Laundered funds & 'business' ties to the Stasi". Haaretz. 7 September 2010.
- Olympiakos soccer chief was 'spy for Stasi'. The Independent. 24 February 2002.
- ^ E. Germany Ran Antisemitic Campaign in West in ’60s. Washington Post, 28 February 1993.
- Neo-Nazism: a threat to Europe? Jillian Becker, Institute for European Defence & Strategic Studies. P. 16.
- The Truth about the Gunshot that Changed Germany. Spiegel Online. 28 May 2009.
- The gunshot that hoaxed a generation. The Economist. 28 May 2009.
- Koehler, John O. (1999) Stasi: The Untold Story of the East German Secret Police ISBN 0-8133-3409-8.
- Operation INFEKTION - Soviet Bloc Intelligence and Its AIDS Disinformation Campaign. Thomas Boghardt. 2009.
- KGB ordered Swiss explosion to distract attention from Chernobyl. United Press International. 27 November 2000.
- Stasi accused of Swiss disaster. The Irish Times. 23 November 2000.
- Sehnsucht Natur: Ökologisierung des Denkens (2009). Johannes Straubinger.
- Hall, Thomas (25 September 2003). "Svensk tv-reporter mördades av DDR" (in Swedish). Dagens Nyheter. Retrieved 20 January 2008.
- Svensson, Leif (26 September 2003). "Misstänkt mördare från DDR gripen" (in Swedish). Dagens Nyheter/Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå. Retrieved 20 January 2008.
- "Misstänkte DDR-mördaren släppt" (in Swedish). Dagens Nyheter/Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå. 17 December 2003. Retrieved 20 January 2008.
- Seduced by secrets: inside the Stasi's spy-tech world. Kristie Macrakis. P. 176.
- "Stasi Files Implicate KGB in Pope Shooting". Deutche Welle.
- The Kremlin’s Killing Ways—A long tradition continues. 28 November 2006. National Review.
- Stasi: shield and sword of the party (2008). John C. Schmeidel. P. 138.
- Fulbrook 2005, pp. 242
- ^ Von OibE durchsetzt. Der Spiegel 12.03 1990
- ^ "Symposium: From Russia With Death" (a partial transcript: part1, part2) on 19 January 2007. The panel contained Oleg Kalugin, Richard Pipes, Vladimir Bukovsky, Jim Woolsey, Lt. Gen. Ion Mihai Pacepa, David Satter, Yuri Yarim-Agaev and Andrei Piontkovsk.
- ^ A tale of gazoviki, money and greed. Stern magazine, 13 September 2007
- http://www.wired.com/politics/security/magazine/16-02/ff_stasi
- The Stasi Headquarters The former headquarters of the Stasi is now a museum that is open to the public.
- Functions of the BStU, from the English version of the official BStU website
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- H-Soz-u-Kult / Mielke, Macht und Meisterschaft
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- Palmer, Carolyn (25 March 2008). "E.German Stasi informant wins battle to conceal past". Reuters.
Fuad Halhal is nasty a piece of work in his own right. He is a Druze officer of the IDF who has been involved in a whole string of war crimes, crimes against humanity and other dishonorable activities. He was involved as a coordinating officer in the genocidal razing of the center of Jenin in 2002, where several hundreds of Palestinians were buried alive by a bulldozer brigade sent in after massive shelling and shooting on part of the IDF. Halhal has also been involved in a string of thefts of land from Palestinian families in the West Bank, falsifying documents to “legitimize” property thefts in favor of American and European jews in Nablus, Hebron and Jenin, plain murder of Palestinians, a string of events of ethnic cleansing across the West Bank, etc., etc.
On the way to the hospital,
Patton’s rescue vehicle was 
Donovan 
